Love in the Time of the Victorian Era Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jane

True slam is not found within the goals of sparing survival or societal gains, rather it is found when two individuals unite in marriage because they have a genuine affection for each other. In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen depicts what love in a traditional Victorian era would be defined as. Austen displays love as the center of attention for all of gild, on with the influences society has on it. Through various characters, such as Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet, Austen demonstrates how money and status can largely shape love and the idea of who to love. Yet, with the characters of Jane and Bingley, Austen conveys, in the end, that true love results not from economic necessity or societal gains, but from a sincere affection. Society, as Austen describes it, is similar to the survival of the fittest. In coiffe to get to the top, one must do everything he or she can to get there, including manipulating marriage. In the novels society family and marriage occupied a far more public and central position in the social government and economic arrangements (Brown 302). The members of the society in Austens novel, specifically Mrs. Bennet, will do anything, including marrying their daughters off to wealthy men, in order to gain a respectable status amongst there peers. Marriage, therefore, becomes a way of getting to the top of the social ladder. This guidance on the importance of the social order significantly influences the idea of love and whom to love because it changes the people into thinking that marriage is not astir(predicate) love, but virtually status. It shapes the individuals into thinking that societal gains are what truly matter in a relationship. In Vyas 2this situation, Austen illustrates how the society i... ...not money or status. By satirizing love, Austen displays real love in all its purity. Jane and Bingley have a pure, honest love, and this is the kind of love Austen presents in her novel, which is what should be established in a real relationship. Money and society mold love, and place certain implications on it that do not hold true. These implications shape the idea of love and who to love. Within Pride and Prejudice, love is defined as materialistic, yet true love can defy all, and does when Jane and Bingley wed in the end. Through money and status, Austen constructs a premise of flawed love, which she uses to mock society. Nevertheless, this satire is incisively what communicates the true meaning of love proposed by the novel. Affection shapes love, not wealth or status. Love is not about what one has or gains love is about whom one spends it with.

What is an infectuos disease :: essays research papers

What is an Infectious Disease?An Infectious Disease is a disease caused by germs, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. These diseases atomic number 18 entirely "caught", hence they are often termed communicable diseases. Examples of specific infections include Strep throat, mononucleosis, cold sores, athletes foot, appendicitis, boils, vaginal yeast infections, African Sleeping sickness and tuberculosis. HEPATITIS B vaccinationSafe and effective vaccines are now available for protection against hepatitis B, a serious liver-colored infection that can result in cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccine prevents hepatitis B disease and its serious consequences. Use of hepatitis B vaccine and other vaccines is strongly endorsed by the medical, scientific and public health communities as a safe and effective way to prevent disease and death. There is no confirmed evidence that indicates that hepatitis B vaccine can cause degenerative illnesses. Whenever large number of vaccines are given, some adverse events will occur coincidentally after vaccination and be falsely attributed to the vaccine. To assure a laid-back standard of safety with vaccines, several federal agencies continually assess and research possible or potential health effects that could be associated with vaccines. The Centers for Disease sustain and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that all newborns, infants and children, especially sexually active teenagers be vaccinated against hepatitis B. Vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high take chances of being infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). These include      Health care workers, including doctors, dentists, nurses, blood and lab technicians      Emergency workers - including paramedics, fire fighters and police      Hemodialysis patients      Military personnel department      Morticians and embalmers      Patients and staff of institutions for the mentally handicapped, inmates of long-term correctional institutions      Ethnic groups with a high rate of hepatitis B including Chinese, Koreans, Indochinese, Filipinos, Alaskan Eskimos, Haitians, and American Indians      People with multiple sexual partners      endovenous drug users      Recipients of certain blood products      Household contacts and sex partners of hepatitis B carriers      International travelers Those who are already infected will not benefit from vaccination. However, infants born of mothers who are carriers of the hepatitis B virus can be protected. A simple blood test can determine whether some wholeness is a hepatitis B carrier. Immunization requires terzetto doses of vaccine according to the following schedule      1st dose For infa nts born to infected mothers - within 12 hours.For infants born to mothers who test negative - within one to two months following delivery.      2nd dose 1 month later      3rd dose 6 months after the first dose.

Caffeine :: essays research papers

CaffeineAs can be seen above, caffeine consists of two carbon/nitrogen rings with oxygen and methyl groups as substituents. The amalgamated rings are similar to those in adenine only the substituents differ. Caffeine is found in coffee bean, tea, and many soft drinks. There is also some summation of caffeine in chocolate, as well as a closely related stimulant, theobromine. The caffeine in sodas is generally produced from the cola berries, and is either a spin-off of the cola flavoring or is added for flavor and stimulant substance. There are four ways in which caffeine stimulates the nervous system. Of these, one is of primary improtance. another(prenominal) has some level of importance, and the other two only occur at unrealistically high levels of caffeine in the body. The first of these methods, and the most important, is blocking adenosine receptors. As caffeine has a similar structure to the adenosine group, but also has more heavily electrophilic and nucleophilic functio nal groups than adenosine as, for instance, seen in cyclic AMP. This means that caffeine will score adenosine receptors as well as adenosine itself will. Thus, cyclic AMP remains active, rather than being broken down. Second among the effects of caffeine is phosphodiesterase inhibition. The phosphodiesterase class of enzymes includes a design of enzymes responsible for breaking down cyclic AMP, thus depriving the body of an energy supply. Caffeine fools phosphodiesterase into attacking it instead, which inhibits the breakdown of cyclic AMP. However, the concentration of caffeine required for this effect to become significant is sufficiently high that the adenosine blocking remains the dominant factor. The other two laboratory effects of caffeine have been judged insignificant in actual biochemical situations. Caffeine can increase the speed of rapid information processing by 10% 1, and a cup of regular (caffeine-containing) coffee after lunch jockstraps to counteract the normal p ost-lunch dip in ability to sustain concentration, aiding alertness 2. Research has also shown that a couple of cups of coffee help to improve alertness and concentration during night shift hours 3.

Playing with the industry leader?s rules is competitive suicide?? If so, why? :: essays research papers

I agree with this statement. When it comes to trying to break into an industry and have a competitive advantage over the rest, the scheme we have to use has to be distinctive. This means we have to come up with a different approach to capture our customers to control them want to use our carrefour rather than products from the industrys leaders. The best competitive position is always to have no competition. To achieve that level, organizations should not be next what the leaders are doing instead they should formulate, implement and deploy a distinctive strategy that changes the rules of the business game in their favor. What wins in business is not in trying to out-muscle competitors, but rather to out-think the competitors by brainpower. For example, there are three major international television networks in the world, CBS, NBC, and ABC. In the last thirty days or so, none of them have managed to get a monopoly of the television industry. However, in the last fifteen years, all three were over-taken by CNN. This is because the three networks were trying to do competitive advantage by apply the same strategies. Only CNN has a distinctive strategy. instead of standard broadcasting, CNN went cable and satellite. Instead of going with variety programming, CNN went with news. Instead of staying domestic, CNN went global. And because of these genuinely different strategies CNN is one of the major leaders in the television network industry, making about US$8 billion a year. other similar example would be the airline industry. For the last fifteen years or so, CEOs of many major international airlines openly said how difficult it was to make savings in revenues and profits. Except one airline, whose operation has proven profitable since they start business activities in 1973 - souwest Airlines of the US. This is more because Southwest is not very conventional in their approach or running an Airline business, Southwest Airlines have a distinctive strategy , Some of their more significant strategies would be using a single aircraft instead of multiple aircraft and forgoing having a reservation system like most major airlines. However even though Southwests Strategy is to be as plain and simple without all the frills other major airlines are offering, they are still the major leaders in the Airline Industry This proves that in business if you are not the leader, never play the game according to the rules that the leader has set.

Gender in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay -- Chinua Achebe Thi

This report will look at the contradictions in the work of Chinua Achebe in relation to his placement of woman and femininity. Kristen Holst Petersen states that the African word of honor is between womens rightist emancipation versus the fight against neo-colonialism, particularly in its cultural aspect...which comes first, the fight for female equality or the fight against Western cultural imperialism. This paper will attempt to highlight these contradictions in relation to Achebes Things Fall Apart.Above all the federation of tribes values physical prowess, it places a great conduct of importance on individualistic achievement, these attributes are in fact intended to ensure the security and permanence of the group. For like most early societies this is a golf-club that is dominated by a passion for survival. Umofia therefore cultivates the notion of the heroic ideal based on physical prowess. The centrality of the yam in the novel highlights the tribes respect for p hysical strength. As a result of the intense muscular effort undeniable for its cultivation the yam crop comes to represent an annual triumph wrested from nature, a signifier of the dialogue between the human world and the natural environment. However a reader soon realizes the contradictions between the constraints of the social ideal, that privileges the interests of the group, and the truths of individual human yearnings.Unoka, Okonwkos father, embodies the counter-values that stand in opposition to the rigid social ideal of the tribe. His unorthodox bolt of living is, it may be argued, a certified subversion of the manly ideal. His oppositional values are those of art, in tandem with a playful irony and an amorality that resounds with his relaxed angle of dip to the world. ... ...cultural experience. Of course Things Fall Apart warrants a feminist reading, but to read it only in this manner would be reductive, and in my opinion, would miss the point of what Achebe was trying to do. In writing back to novels such as Heart of Darkness and Mister Johnson Achebe has presented us with a particularized African society to critique. To level the accusation as Petersen does that the obvious inequality of the sexes seems to be the subject of loopy amusement for Achebe, is in my opinion unwarranted and unfair.Select BibliographyAchebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Ibadan Heinnemann, 1962Kabbani, Rana. Imperial Fictions Europes Myths of Origin. London Pandora, 1986.Petersen, Kristen. head start Things First Problems of a Feminist Approach to African literary works. In Griffith, Ashcroft, Tiffin Ed The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Gender in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay -- Chinua Achebe ThiThis paper will look at the contradictions in the work of Chinua Achebe in relation to his placement of woman and femininity. Kristen Holst Petersen states that the African discussion is between feminist emancipation versus the fight a gainst neo-colonialism, particularly in its cultural aspect...which comes first, the fight for female equality or the fight against Western cultural imperialism. This paper will attempt to highlight these contradictions in relation to Achebes Things Fall Apart.Above all the tribe values physical prowess, it places a great deal of importance on individual achievement, these attributes are in fact intended to ensure the security and permanence of the group. For like most early societies this is a society that is dominated by a passion for survival. Umofia therefore cultivates the notion of the heroic ideal based on physical prowess. The centrality of the yam in the novel highlights the tribes respect for physical strength. As a result of the intense muscular effort required for its cultivation the yam crop comes to represent an annual triumph wrested from nature, a signifier of the dialogue between the human world and the natural environment. However a reader soon realizes the c ontradictions between the constraints of the social ideal, that privileges the interests of the group, and the truths of individual human yearnings.Unoka, Okonwkos father, embodies the counter-values that stand in opposition to the rigid social ideal of the tribe. His unorthodox style of living is, it may be argued, a conscious subversion of the manly ideal. His oppositional values are those of art, in tandem with a playful irony and an amorality that resounds with his relaxed disposition to the world. ... ...cultural experience. Of course Things Fall Apart warrants a feminist reading, but to read it only in this manner would be reductive, and in my opinion, would miss the point of what Achebe was trying to do. In writing back to novels such as Heart of Darkness and Mister Johnson Achebe has presented us with a particularized African society to critique. To level the accusation as Petersen does that the obvious inequality of the sexes seems to be the subject of mild amusement for Achebe, is in my opinion unwarranted and unfair.Select BibliographyAchebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Ibadan Heinnemann, 1962Kabbani, Rana. Imperial Fictions Europes Myths of Origin. London Pandora, 1986.Petersen, Kristen. First Things First Problems of a Feminist Approach to African Literature. In Griffith, Ashcroft, Tiffin Ed The Post-Colonial Studies Reader.

Gender in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay -- Chinua Achebe Thi

This paper bequeath look at the contradictions in the work of Chinua Achebe in relation to his placement of woman and femininity. Kristen Holst Petersen states that the African discussion is amid feminist emancipation versus the fight against neo-colonialism, peculiarly in its cultural aspect...which comes first, the fight for female par or the fight against Western cultural imperialism. This paper will attempt to highlight these contradictions in relation to Achebes Things Fall Apart.Above all the federation of tribes values physical prowess, it places a great deal of importance on individual achievement, these attributes are in fact intended to ensure the security and permanence of the group. For like most early societies this is a society that is dominated by a passion for survival. Umofia hence cultivates the notion of the heroic ideal based on physical prowess. The centrality of the yam in the novel highlights the tribes respect for physical strength. As a result of the intense muscular effort mandatory for its cultivation the yam crop comes to represent an annual triumph wrested from nature, a signifier of the dialogue between the human world and the natural environment. However a reader soon realizes the contradictions between the constraints of the social ideal, that privileges the interests of the group, and the truths of individual human yearnings.Unoka, Okonwkos father, embodies the counter-values that stand in impedance to the rigid social ideal of the tribe. His unorthodox musical mode of living is, it may be argued, a conscious subversion of the manly ideal. His oppositional values are those of art, in tandem with a playful irony and an amorality that resounds with his relaxed proneness to the world. ... ...cultural experience. Of course Things Fall Apart warrants a feminist reading, but to read it only in this stylus would be reductive, and in my opinion, would miss the point of what Achebe was hard to do. In writing back to novels such as Heart of Darkness and Mister Johnson Achebe has presented us with a specify African society to critique. To level the accusation as Petersen does that the obvious inequality of the sexes seems to be the subject of mild amusement for Achebe, is in my opinion unwarranted and unfair. rent BibliographyAchebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Ibadan Heinnemann, 1962Kabbani, Rana. Imperial Fictions Europes Myths of Origin. London Pandora, 1986.Petersen, Kristen. world-class Things First Problems of a Feminist Approach to African Literature. In Griffith, Ashcroft, Tiffin Ed The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Gender in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay -- Chinua Achebe ThiThis paper will look at the contradictions in the work of Chinua Achebe in relation to his placement of woman and femininity. Kristen Holst Petersen states that the African discussion is between feminist emancipation versus the fight against neo-colonialism, particularly in its cu ltural aspect...which comes first, the fight for female equality or the fight against Western cultural imperialism. This paper will attempt to highlight these contradictions in relation to Achebes Things Fall Apart.Above all the tribe values physical prowess, it places a great deal of importance on individual achievement, these attributes are in fact intended to ensure the security and permanence of the group. For like most early societies this is a society that is dominated by a passion for survival. Umofia therefore cultivates the notion of the heroic ideal based on physical prowess. The centrality of the yam in the novel highlights the tribes respect for physical strength. As a result of the intense muscular effort required for its cultivation the yam crop comes to represent an annual triumph wrested from nature, a signifier of the dialogue between the human world and the natural environment. However a reader soon realizes the contradictions between the constraints of the s ocial ideal, that privileges the interests of the group, and the truths of individual human yearnings.Unoka, Okonwkos father, embodies the counter-values that stand in opposition to the rigid social ideal of the tribe. His unorthodox style of living is, it may be argued, a conscious subversion of the manly ideal. His oppositional values are those of art, in tandem with a playful irony and an amorality that resounds with his relaxed disposition to the world. ... ...cultural experience. Of course Things Fall Apart warrants a feminist reading, but to read it only in this manner would be reductive, and in my opinion, would miss the point of what Achebe was trying to do. In writing back to novels such as Heart of Darkness and Mister Johnson Achebe has presented us with a particularized African society to critique. To level the accusation as Petersen does that the obvious inequality of the sexes seems to be the subject of mild amusement for Achebe, is in my opinion unwarranted and u nfair.Select BibliographyAchebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Ibadan Heinnemann, 1962Kabbani, Rana. Imperial Fictions Europes Myths of Origin. London Pandora, 1986.Petersen, Kristen. First Things First Problems of a Feminist Approach to African Literature. In Griffith, Ashcroft, Tiffin Ed The Post-Colonial Studies Reader.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay

Starbucks has been the most successful hot chocolate chain using their strong-growing expansion strategies to surpass its competitors. with its expansion, Starbucks has focused on creating a dense network of stores all around US, while also opening up bleak locations all around the world. However, Starbucks aggressive expansion strategies feed posed major(ip) threats to its financial health such as tight cashflows, increase debts, poor liquidity ratios and etc. In addition, this lift can exacerbate competition among close Starbucks stores.Due to the aggressive expansion, Starbucks has lost its internal focus in its core business coffee and its unique Starbucks suffer third place. The issues be how Starbucks can stay profitable in the future and at the same time sustain its dominant position in the gourmet coffee industry. We have examined the industry analysis that focuses on the industry trends, the firm competitive environment and followed by a SWOT analysis on Starbucks. Finally, we look at the company strategy analysis that focuses on the Starbucks strategic intent and its strategic position.From these analyses, we recommend a few options where Starbucks should pursue moving earlier in order to avoid get along decline and sustain its dominant position. .Company Background & History. Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice was established in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zey Siegel and Gordon Bowker in Seattle to sell roasted coffee beans and coffee machines. (See Exhibit 1 for timeline) At that time, the founders philosophy was to provide mettlesome quality coffee and educate the humankind the art of appreciating fine coffee.It was the founders passion and strong commitment on educating the public that attracted Howard Schultz to join Starbucks in 1982 as the head of the marketing department, overseeing the companys sell stores. On one of his business trips to Milan, Italy, Schultz stumbled upon an opportunity to revamp Starbucks and shift its focus from its original business activities. Schultzs refreshed business proposition for Starbucks was to serve freshly brewed coffee at their issuelets which he sold to the founders without success.After many unsuccessful attempts, he left the Company. In 1987, Schultz acquired Starbucks from the founders and changed its name to the more abbreviated Starbucks and modified her logo to what we see today. After the acquisition, he introduced the idea of The Starbucks experience to all Starbucks outlets that is to create a comfortable atmosphere for patrons to relax. From then on, every Starbucks outlet was the perfect repeat of this concept. In 1992, Starbucks had launched an IPO and its common stock was being traded on the Nasdaq.In 1995, Starbucks venture overseas and formed a joint venture with SAZABY Inc to open Starbucks stores in Japan. In 1996, Starbucks first oversea outlet was opened in Tokyo. Today, Starbucks has a total of 7,087 Company operated stores and 4,081 manifest stores in U S. Additionally, it has 1,796 Company operated stores and 2,792 Joint Venture and License store operating in other 43 countries. .Definition of the Industry, Competitors and Scope of Analysis Generally, Starbucks is in the Food and Beverages industry.However for the purpose of this paper, we would define Starbucks to be in the gourmet coffee industry with the following competitors Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf Costa Coffee Caribou Coffee (See Exhibit 2 for a brief write up on reasons for the choice of these competitors and some background information of them) For the purpose of this paper, our analysis will be focusing on Starbucks in US and Australia. The next section provides an overview of the gourmet coffee industry and the competitive environment in US and Australia. .Overview of the Industry..Political Forces. Generally both the US and the Australia political situation appeargond to be well established and still. This will provide a good platform for both current businesses and n ew businesses to operate in. In US, despite the current verge of recession, the political mood is still presumable to favour increased regulation of businesses. In addition, even though international tensions are likely to remain but their impact on political stability and economy will remain minimal. Similarly in Australia, the political climate is likely to remain relatively stable.Although the relationship between the federal government and the states had been rocky in the past it has improved after the introduction of a more stable formula for revenue distribution. .Economical Forces. US Real economic emergence is expected to slow from an estimated 4% in 2008 to 3. 8% in 2009. The modest backwardness reflects the impact of lower demand from its trading partner. As these exists imbalances in the economy and the poor short-term outlook for growth, it is assumed that conditions in the US are now recessionary and that growth will remain very weak in 2009.This will in turn affect the GDP and the spendable income of its residents. Australia Traditionally, rapid growth in Australia has been slowdown recently due to recession. Improved monetary and fiscal management have reduced macroeconomic volatility, but risks and imbalances are present. The low home(prenominal) savings rate renders the banking system dependant on foreign financing. The current account deficit is large, and international financial markets may start to worry round the underlying causes. Bubble conditions also seem to exist in the housing market..Socio-cultural Forces Consumers Perceptions and Disposable Income. US There had been an increase in coffee consumption in the US market though the rate had slowed down in 2005 posing threats to coffee retailers. Recently, US consumers had increasingly opt for healthier hot drinks such as tea and RTD beverages which affect coffee consumption rate. The trend is likely to continue, leading to decline in coffee consumption. Australia Coffee sales had experienced quite tepid growth from 2000 to 2005.The culture of cafe had caused more people to opt for on-trade sales coffee at the cafe instead of home-brewed coffee. According to BIS Shrapnel, people increasingly tend to go to cafes for their coffee and there is an increase of 50% within 2 years in coffee consumption. .Technological Forces Technological Developments. Technological changes have created many new products and processes. It helps to reduce tolls, improve quality and lead to innovations which in turn benefits consumers as well as organizations.Many organizations in the gourmet coffee industry had recognized the importance of providing wireless internet access and Wi-Fi hotspots to its patrons. These technology advances had created a leisure place for patrons to surf net or hang out after home and work. Most of the organizations had also introduced automated coffee machines to speed up the brewing process so as to shorten waiting time. To further improve business ope rations and efficiency, some organizations have also make use of information technology systems to help them run their businesses more smoothly. .Environmental Forces.With major climate changes occurring due to global warming, many organizations in the gourmet coffee industry had increased their environment awareness by reduced the usage of disposable cups to serve coffee and increased the use of ceramic mugs. Furthermore, the organizations had also reduced the size of their paper napkins, paper bags and in store garbage bags. The organizations were also further to purchase Fairtrade certified coffees so as to promote responsible environmental and economic efforts. The following section presents our analysis of gourmet coffee industry with the avail of Michael Porters 5 Forces model.. Analysis of Gourmet Coffee Industry- Porter 5 Forces. Please refer to exhibit 3 for the criteria used for the scoring of individually forces and an analysis of each forces. Force 1 Threat of New Ent ry. Threat of new entry is high. High start up cost involved in get equipments, sourcing for coffee beans and training barista. Strong brand indistinguishability leading to high switching cost for consumers Score 10 Force 2 Threat of Substitutes. Substitutes are gourmet coffee of a different brand Current gourmet coffee industries is saturated High switching cost.Threat of substitutes considered to be relatively high Score 6 Force 3 dicker Power of Suppliers. Majority of commercially available coffee beans come from a few industrializes countries. Increase the cost of coffee houses in sourcing and gaining access to these high quality coffee beans. Bargaining power of suppliers is relatively high Score 5 Force 4 Bargaining Power of ConsumersBargaining power of customers is relatively neutral. Current player gained brand loyalty Product differentiation helps to retain current customer and attract new customers.However price sensitive customers might seek for cheaper alternative. Scor e 0 Force 5 Rivalry between Competitors. Intensity of rivalry is moderate. Brand identity and high switching cost is relatively unfavorable to new player that has just entered the market. Score 3 ConclusionFrom the above analysis, we noted that the threat of new entry, the bargaining power of the supplier and threat of substitutes are relatively high. On the other hand the bargaining power of the consumers is neutral and the intensity of rivalry is moderate. so from the above.

Help improve own and team practice in schools Essay

Team realise is important in any group of people that work together as it means they sh ar a reciprocal goal, each member of the team has there own strengths. Schools have a huge number of rung and whilst you must focus on your own berth, it is except as important to have a good knowledge of other roles in your team to create a successful cultivate. To meet all pupils academic and social needs individuals need to work together towards commitments and shared goals. The team should have regular meetings to enable staff to implement new ideas or plans, adjudicate problems, prioritise and accomplish important tasks which in all will benefit the pupils. One of the main benefits of team work is it can speed up the solve of accomplishing goals and make things run more efficiently.You may be vocalisation of several different teams within your school, each with different objectives. You should know what these are and how each team works together. Sometimes your team may only be togeth er for a short time e.g., you are organising a production or a fair. Sometimes you may find you are only part of the team for a short time for example, if you are working on a school production or a summer fair. In this sort of situation it is important for someone to take charge and ensure that different members of the team are able to work together effectively. The school may be large and have a number of classes within each year group. Year groups work very closely together and support one another in planning and moderating pupils work. Also members of stff within a school are part of a tram and will support one another. For example the maths coordinator will be able to offer help and advice to any member of staff on any maths activities.Read moreEssay on Teamwork in SchoolsMembers of the team will need to understand their role and how it fits in with the role of other members of the team. The most important part of any role within a team is communicating effectively with others . You should attend regular meetings which should give you a clear idea of how what youare doing fits in to the school or team as a whole. If you have a team leader, they should identify action points in any meetings you attend and give a deadline by which they will need to be carried out.All member of the team are equally important and your expertness and that of your colleagues is unique to each persons experience. You should always respect the opinions and knowledge which others bring. This is because in order to have a good working relationship with them you will need to ground that you consider their opinions and expertise. If a member of your team has been working in schools for a long time and a new person comes in and tells them that things should be through with(p) in a different way, it will cause bad smellings and resentment. This cam quickly cause problems and unrest within teams. You may find that others come to you for help and advice when you receive more experien ced. Whilst remaining supportive, you should always think about your role and others within the team when doing this. You may need to refer to someone else within the team , when you feel a particular issue is not appropriatefor you to deal with. You must remain non judgemental about others and not allow your own opinions to intrude or sully any decisions you may have to make.

Education in the 19th Century Essay

I. General Theme* Nationalism in Europe grew stronger and with it was the belief in the power of instruction to cast of characters the future of nation as well as individuals.* Spread of democratic ideas and of the application industry to science.* There were charity civilises supported by the church and good-hearted organization.* Establishment of agricultural, commercial, scientific and industrial schoolsII. Specific Events and Facts1. Increase in the number of Science SchoolsThe Nineteenth Century, says Lavasseur, is the first which has systematized and generalized the education of the people for the value of education in itself. The Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University was established in 1847, the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard in 1848, and the Chandler Scientific School of Dartmouth in 1852. The land grants of 1862 by Congress advance this system of education and scientific courses were added to the state universities, while Columbia organized its School of Mines, Washington University of St. Louis its School of Engineering, and in 1861 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology exposed its doors. In 1871 the Stevens Institute of Technology was founded at Hoboken, and the Green School of Science was established as a branch of Princeton College.2. Universities opened for womenWomen were not admitted to university examinations in England until 1867, when the doors of the University of capital of the United Kingdom were thrown open, and, in 1871, Miss Clough opened a house for women students in Cambridge, which in 1875 became Newnham College. Women were formally admitted to Cambridge in 1881, and somewhat similar privileges were given at Oxford in 1884. The two earliest womens colleges in the United States are generally reported to be Mount Holyoke, which dates from 1836, and was organized by Mary Lyon but it had for its political platform merely an academic course, and this is true of theGeorgia Female College, opened at Macon, Georgia , in 1839. The first institution in the world designed to give women a full collegiate course was founded at Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1861, by Matthew Vassar, and it was opened in 1865.3. Co-educational schoolsThe first co-educational institutions were Antioch and Oberlin Colleges but during the last generation co-education has met with growing favor, until direct more than half the colleges of the United States admit women as well as men. Having gained a collegiate education the women sought admission to the professional schools, which they have bit by bit secured, until now women lawyers and physicians are quite common in the larger cities, and women legislators and mayors win public favor in Colorado and Iowa.4. Education Act of 1870 in England entertain ActThe 1870 Education Act stands as the very first piece of legislation to deal specifically with the provision of education in Britain. Most importantly, it exhibit a commitment to provision on a national scale. The Act al lowed voluntary schools to carry on unchanged, but established a system of school boards to build and manage schools in areas where they were needed. The boards were locally elected bodies which drew their funding from the local rates. Unlike the voluntary schools, religious teaching in the board schools was to be non-denominational. A separate Act extended similar provisions to Scotland in 1872.5. Education Act of 1891 in EnglandThe 1891 Elementary Education Act (5 August 1891) was other significant step in the process which the 1870 Act had begun, as it decreed that elementary education was to be provided free. The Act provided for ten shillings (50p) a year to be paid as a fee grant by Parliament for each child over three and under fifteen attending a public elementary school. The schools were forbidden to charge additional fees except in certain circumstances.6. French Model of Education SystemMoving into the 19th century, the fair game of universities evolved from teaching th e regurgitation of knowledge to encourage productive cerebration.Two new university models, the German and the post-Revolutionary French, arose and made an impact on established models such as the Russian and Britain especially the newer foundations of University College London and Kings College London. Such free thinking and experimentation had notably already begun in Britains oldest universities beginning in the seventeenth century at Oxford with the fathers of British scientific methodology Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, and at Cambridge where Isaac Newton was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics & Physics.7. Prussian Education SystemThe educational system was shared into three groups. The elite of Prussian society were seen as comprising .5% of the society. Approximately 5.5% of the remaining children were sent to what was called realschulen, where they were partially taught to think. The remaining 94% went to volkschulen, where they were to learn harmony, obedience, freedom fr om stressful thinking and how to follow orders.An important part of this new system was to break the link between reading and the young child, because a child who reads too well becomes learned and independent from the system of instruction and is capable of finding out anything. In order to have an efficient policy-making class and a sub-class beneath it, youve got to take up the power of most people to make anything out of available information. The Prussian education system was a system of mandatory education dating to the early(a) 19th century. Parts of the Prussianeducation system have served as models for the education systems in a number of other countries, including Japan and the United States.8. Early EducationReading, writing, devotion and arithmetic were only some of the subjects that were taught during the 19th century.9. FencingFencing has a long history with universities and schools. At least one style of fence, Mensur in Germany is unspoilt only within universiti es. University students compete internationally at the World University Games. The United States holds two national level university tournaments includingthe NCAA championship and the USACFC National Championships tournaments in the USA and theBUCS fencing championships in the United Kingdom.10. Johann Friedrich Herbart* Created an international attention and attracted thousands of European and American visitors. * They saw physically active children running, jumping and playing with letter blocks. * Goal Natural using of the Individual Child* Learning begins with firsthand observation of an object and moves gradually toward the remote and abstract realm of words and ideas.Sourceshttp//www.oldandsold.com/articles35/19th-century-17.shtmlhttp//www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_IV/19thcentu_fh.html http//www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/school/overview/1870educationact/ http//www.educationengl and.org.uk/history/chapter03.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_European_research_universitiesEuropean_university_models_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries http//www.condorcet.com.au/en/studying-with-us/french-education-system/main-principles.aspx http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_education_systemhttp//feltd.wordpress.com/2010/09/16/the-prussian-german-educational-system/ http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencinghttp//education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2319/Pestalozzi-Johann-1746-1827.html http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzihttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453469/Johann-Heinrich-Pestalozzi

The 3M Success Story

From sandpaper to bioelectronic ears, 3M has come a long way. 3M is a prime example of how employees can shape a dying business into a multibillion-dollar company. 3M encourages employees to create new products and explore new ideas. This management tactic allows 3M to bring over 60,000 new products each year, successfully keeping up with our constantly changing, fast-paced economy. In the last 99 years it has been in business 3M, has become a well known as a worldwide business.Employing more than 90,000 employees, it made $19 billion in sales in the year 2000. 52% of which were made asideside the USA. It has seventeen technology centers worldwide, with manufacturing sites in thirty-nine countries. 3M makes the difficulty of globalization seem like a piece of chocolate cake. 3Ms success is based on its 90,000 intrapreneurs. It recognized that employees were non merely simple workers, but talented entrepreneurs who needed only to be encouraged and appreciated.A business can keep its entrepreneurial spirit alive(p) by, first and foremost, encouraging its employees to be innovative. It should also provide incentives like money, raises, vacations, promotions, etc. Businesses need to show appreciation and make its employees feel like they are semiprecious assets to the company. Employees are a companys gold mine. They are a companys most important stakeholders. They can make or operate a business. A business needs only to please its employees and in turn, these gold minds will gleam and become great entrepreneurs.Though entrepreneurship is valuable, can a too diverse proceeds cause a stumbling block for a company? If a business does not have the capital to support three-fold products, it is not encourage able. Yet it should not put a total halt on new ideas and products, but create closely related products preferably to begin with. 3M did not jump from sandpaper manufacturing to creating programmable disks. They started off with regular sandpaper then cre ated environmentally safe waterproof sandpaper.However, if a company has the capital to produce new things and support new ideas, it is highly advisable to be involved in diverse industries. A company needs to keep up with the times. intersection point and service demands change with time. If a company only knows one business and is not widely diverse, it has higher chances of failure. Will diverse industries prevent a flock from having expertise in all the areas? How could it not have experts? The employees are the inventorsAfter creating new ideas and products a company should always follow up on its products from production through marketing. This is very important in order to detect any signs of defects and safety issues quickly. This will also keep the company aware of how their product is doing out on the market and what they can do to improve their products. It will also give the company an insight into what the market wants. Now that we have a clinch on the importance of intrapreneuring, could 3M survive without it? I dont know. How often do you buy sandpaper?

Law Revision

She care for her own self interest and has not bring a new reaping opportunity to FAA caseful Re Come 191 1 F run A father had been assisted in his business by his second son. After the fathers death, the go transferred the business assets to that second son. After her death, the elder son sought the transfer Of those assets back into her estate, saying that in the absence of her having taken independent advice, the younger sons set brought an implication of undue influence.Directors fiduciary duties are owed only to the order, not to the individual share holders. Case Percival v Wright 1902 Facts Percival wished to sell his shares in the company and wrote to the company writing table asking if he knew f anyone willing to buy. After negotiations, the chairman of the board of conductors arranged the secure of 253 shares, 85 for himself and 84 for each of his fellow directors at a price based on Percival valuation of the shares. The transfers were approved by the board and the t ransactions completed.Soon afterwards, Percival discovered that prior to and during the negotiations for the sale of his shares, an other person was negotiating with the board for the purchase of the whole company and was offering various prices for shares, all of which exceeded the price paid to Percival. Percival then brought n action against the directors asking for the sale of his shares to be set away for non-disclosure. Held The directors are not trustee for the individual shareholders and may purchase their shares without disclosing that they are negotiating for the sale of the entire company.Fruity has not in organize to the board of FAA when she set up a company called Cure Life Ltd (CLC) and become majority shareholder. Case The board of trustees of the Saba Foundation & Ors v Dates Seed chick bin Seed Mohamed & nor 1 999 A fiduciary is someone who has undertake to act for or on behalf of another in a event tater in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trus t and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. The principal is entitled to the single minded loyalty of his fiduciary This core liability has some(prenominal) facts.A fiduciary must act in good trustingness he must not hold in for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent Of his principal. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but it is sufficient to indicate the nature of fiduciary obligations.. They are the delimit characteristics of the fiduciary E is not subject to fiduciary obligations because he is fiduciary it is because he is subject to them that he is a fiduciary. The key fide carry obligations of the directors are To act Boniface in the interest of the company Directors are required to act Boniface for the benefit of the company as a whole.The Act as well imposes interchangeable profession on directors SSL 32 (1) Case Re Lee Barrens Ltd 1932 Facts A dispute arose over the pu rchase by the company of pension policies for the benefit of employees and their spouses. It was claimed that the particular policy issued was a misuse of the directors power. Held The judge set out a three part test for determining whether the directors were using their powers properly (1) Was the transaction entered into in good faith? (2) Was the transaction reasonably incidental to the carrying on of the companys business? (3) Was the transaction done for the benefit of the company and to promote its prosperity? 1) No (2) NO (3) Yes TO exercise their power under the companys constitution for proper purpose Because directors are fiduciaries they can only exercise powers given to them for the purpose for which those powers were given and for no other purpose or which those powers were given and for no other purpose, and the exercise of a power for an improper purpose can be challenged even if the directors good faith is not in question To avoid conflict of interest and not to pul l in from their baffle In the situation, Fruity has proposed FAA enters into a contract with CLC to buy supplies of the extreme fruit drink product for resale.The board agrees and as part of the contract Fruity negotiates with the board that she will be paid RUMOR,000 commission because she drew the boards care to this new product opportunity. The board of FAA did not know that Fruity is the majority shareholder of CLC. There is a conflict of interest between the two position Managing Director of Freshness Always Sad Bad and as the majority shareholder of CLC. Fruity also has set up the price for commission of RUMOR,OOH to break attention towards the new product opportunity.Case Aberdeen Railway co v Blaine Brose 1843-60 Facts The railway company agreed to buy chairs from a partnership, Blaine Brose. Blaine, a member of the partnership was also a director of the company. When the partners tried to enforce the contract the company successfully claimed that the contract was avoidab le owing to the directors conflict of interest. Held Lord Charwoman said His duty to the company imposed on him the obligation of obtaining these iron chairs at the lowest possible price.His personal interest would let him in an entirely opposite teaching would induce him to fix the price as high as possible. This is the very evil against which the rule is directed. A director has a duty not to make a personal profit out of his connection with the company. This rule applies even if no loss is suffered by the company. However, if he does he must count for the profit to the company. Fruity has make a personal profit in connection with FAA and CLC. The FAA may suffer no loss due to FAA makes large profits change the organic green product.Case Industrial Development Consultants Ltd v Cooley 1 972 Facts The managing director of IDS attempted to secure a contract on Ids behalf with the Eastern Gas Board. KGB indicated to him that they were not fain to deal with IDS but might be prepa red to contract with the director (Cooley) personally. Cooley then represented to IDS that he was ill and was allowed to terminate his contract t shortly notice. He then negotiated with KGB and obtained the consultancy for himself. Held He must account to IDS for the profit he obtained for the contracts.He was in breach of duty and it was immaterial that IDS could not have obtained the contract itself. Case Cook v Deeds 1 91 6 Facts Three directors of the Toronto Construction Co Ltd were supposed to be negotiating a construction contract on behalf of the company. Instead they formed another company and took the Contract for themselves. They were holders of 75% of the share capital of Toronto Construction, and used this charity to pass a resolution at general meeting that the company had no interest in the contract.Held A director can normally keep a personal profit the company consents, but this consent is handicap if the director concerned controls the voting at general meeting. This was fraud on the minority. Section 131 (1) requires a director who is directly or indirectly interested in a contract with his company to declare promptly the nature of that interest at meeting of directors. Section 132(1) imposes a broad duty on directors at all the times to act honestly and exercise reasonable diligence in the exercise of heir power and the discharge of the duties of their office.This is based on a question of fact case Yen Hinge enterprise Sad Bad v Dates Dry Eng pooh Aka 1 988 Regarding the extend of the meaning of honesty, the case of Multi Pack capital of Singapore pet Ltd ( In Receivership ) v Interact Ltd & Ors 1994 explains that this does not mean that the directors had acted fraudulently, it means that he must act bona fide in the interests of the company and that in exercising his creation, the director should act only to promote and advance the interest of the company. Misuse of confidential information

Fly Away Peter Analysis Essay

Through out the book Fly Away Peter, Jim Saddler has grown from innocent to mature and even to death. This seems worry a stave of nature. People born and people die. In this novel, I think the novel is trying to convey the idea of regeneration than how Jim changed throughout the story. diversity is an important theme of Maloufs Fly Away Peter. According to the novel everything regenerates, and not only in the physical sense, but also in the unearthly sense too. The term regenerate means to bring back again or bring out something sensitive in our a state of wareness of life. Its occurrence stool be seen throughout the book and it includes the digging by the hoar man, the digging by Jim at the end of the novel, the fact birds come and go with old ones replaced by natural ones and how Jims spirit survives on as the early surfer in the eyes of Miss Harcourt. They are all regenerations that are part of the cycle of life.Earth is associated with the cycle of life as it is a sign o f birth, where lives stem from. Soil has always been where the life starts, this can been seen in the novel, It (earth) was a smell that belonged to the rise of things (life). It is clear that soil is where life stems from it is where plants receive their nutrients in order for in the raw life and this is why the old man is digging, he is digging to plant new lives. Even though there is a war going on around him, he still prepares the field for the seeds, because he understands that live still goes on in all circumstances. It is through the plants from the seeds can new lives stem out of the ground and it is all part of the regenerations. The discovery of the mammoth was a great inquire and a rebirth of knowledge, it uncovers the past and puts new meanings and knowledge in our life as we learn about the past. Therefore, soil not only regenerates physically with new lives but also new understandings of life.Birds play an important role in the book as a sign of life. Birds have alw ays been associated with life and emancipation just like what the novel suggests Birds were of life. Every year they migrate to different places, yet it is not the same birds that come and go every year. The old birds get replacedby young birds and it is all part of the cycle of life. Also, like the old man digging, they carry on with their life unaffected by the war this can be seen from the quote Even here, in the thick of the fighting, there were birds. It is apparent that despites the chaos, death and horrors happening down below, the birds can still regenerate and live the way nature intended them to.Through the young surfer, there is a sense of the rebirth of Jim spiritually in Imogens mind. The young surfer at the end of the novel is essentially the new Jim for Imogen, although they are not the same person, it is as if Jim has dug through the earth to come back as the young surfer. Imogen recognises this, and understands that no matter what happens life goes on like the way waves never stop. Both of them never ending and Imogen realises that there is other people in the gentleman that will have the image of Jim.Regeneration is an important theme of the novel, all things in life regenerates, from the birds to our minds, from the earths to the oceans, it occurs at every level of the world. With regeneration, it also brings us new meanings of life and increases our knowledge and awareness of our surroundings therefore regeneration is essential to our life.

How Do Certain Food and Beverage

Despite entirely the conventional methods of analyzing the guests with on the whole(prenominal) the physical and social and other factors, the actual statistics seem to differ tremendously from the estimated outcomes. This is be h experienced we as humanity seem to bank heavily on emotions. Once the guest has virtu totallyy sort of emotional attachment with the exit for whatsoever reasons, he is not going away to opt for other places. The node might straight off be considered trustworthy to the outlet. The guest wouldnt cull going to any of the competitors because he feels he has some sort of bond with the outlet.This emotional umbilical cord is very powerful as it is one of the easiest and the most effective ways to maintain guest loyalties. As they say, it is easier to retain the existing customers than it is to create new ones. The existing customers would always walk in with that feeling of homeliness and at once this feeling of theirs is respected and catered, a ll the outlet has do is change in. Existing customers dont mind paying a little extra also because theyve already grown used to the ambience and the way the outlet is run.Therefore, it should be profoundly Copernican for the hotels and restaurants, to see to it that they lock in the customers as their regular guests. The hotels have to work hard to make original that the customers dont take away the business elsewhere. The loss of a regular customer is colossal. The hotel is just not losing that one customer just a down much than that. All those people whom he had recommended the hotel in course of years would also develop negative thoughts and opinions closely the outlet. This might be a very serious issue and a good deal devastating for the hotel manacles.Loyalty as much(prenominal) is the key factor in most businesses, but its impact is to a greater extent clearly visible in the business of hospitality and hotel perplexity. When comp ard to several other businesses, the one fact that stands out here is that the hospitality industry has a lot to do with how the customer actually feels about being at the place. This might include the food, the ambience, the customer satisfaction and several other factors. Hospitality has more than to do with experience as against those of other industries who just sell products.There can be many ways in which this can be done, some hotels prefer giving free gifts, some give special privileges to their regular customers, some others give huge discounts. All these methods are simply aimed at encouraging customer faithfulness. The hotels and restaurants should never miss a chance on maintaining and pleasing loyal customers given the fact that this emotional attachment is so very delicate up to now powerful nice change the very course of several businesses. Research ProblemIt is because of these above stated reasons that it becomes immensely beta for the conductors to study the science of the true management a nd check over how to implement it thoroughly. Discussion Important concepts and theories, the background of the study In simple terms, it can be said that in spite of all what the company the customer has an inherent tendency to keep looking for better alternatives, the analogy here is given by Leahy where the characteristic customer sort is compared to that of a cat. A dog considered being mans best friend because come what may it does not swerve its loyalties.However the customer behaves more wish the cat and is always on the lookout for softer and more comfortable lap. The need of the hour is that the hotels should see to it that they stomach this soft lap to the customers and always keep change magnitude the standard of their services. Leahy here compares the restaurants to the airlines the airlines have been far more successful in maintaining loyal customers than the hospitality industry. Airlines have several clubs where the members are classified as gold, cash or other such members. The members of such clubs are offered free up gradation from economy to business class if the seats are free.However no such practice is noticed among the hotel managements. The clause takes evidence from US consultancy Colloquy, noting that restaurants are lagging far behind other businesses in underdeveloped fealty schemes. The article notes that in the United States, only 27. 2 million customers are image of restaurant loyalty schemes, while airlines have over 254. 4 million members for their loyalty schemes. Leahy provided emphasizes that loyalty issues are to be taken very seriously in the restaurant business and it is very important to retain regular customers.The widely distributed Approach There are many ways to retain regular customers, one such prominent way is the loyalty card, a technique which has now caught on even in big showrooms and jewel stores. The simple technique here is that every time the customer buys something, he is given certain points and once these points reach a certain value, the points can be exchanged for discounts or special offers. This not only keeps the customer coming back to your store but also helps in maintaining good relations.Once again this idea was an innovation of the aviation industry and it still needs to be implemented to a great extent in the hospitality industry. match to CEFF (2007), loyalty cards schemes are a key factor in determining choice of hotel, airlines and restaurant chains by leisure travelers. Surveys have revealed that even though on that point are some customers who dont quite bother about these loyalty cards, a good percentage about seventy percent of them admit that the loyalty cards played prominent roles in them determining their hotel or airlines.Literary Reviews and Opinions Gomez, Arranz and Cillan (2006) press that these loyalty programs yield two important results of interest, which may be applied to the hotel and restaurant hospitality sectors. Such a program cr eates to genres of customers. The firstly class of customers includes those who debunk more behavior loyalty than the others simply because they are emotionally aware that the hotel considers them more important than their counterparts which are not enrolled in any of the loyalty schemes.As in all businesses, emotion plays a very prominent role even in the hotel and management industry. Yet another thing that needs to be borne in mind is that the customer will not simply walk in to your outlet just because you have all these cards and offers. For example, however enchanting and encouraging might be the scheme the customer will come to your restaurant only when he feels like eating. You can never force the customer to increase the number of his visits, directly or indirectly.Research that compares consumer behavior before and aft(prenominal) the introduction of a loyalty program show that there is no real difference in the number of visitors, or the amount of purchasing done (Gom ez, Arranz, & Cillan, 2006). Here it is once again argued that loyalty program dont quite generate new loyal customers but just help in retaining the existing loyal customers. As in any other business, the fix objective and the motive behind your business should be very clear, for example, if the customer doesnt like your product, then all the management tactics in the humans will not help him come to you.The bottom line is that what you offer the customer must stand up to his expectations. Trust and satisfaction are win by genuine effort and determination, there are no shortcuts, and the customer is smart enough to figure out what the actual standard of your restaurant is. According to Gomez, Arranz and Cillan (2006), effective loyalty can only come from customer attitudes such as satisfaction, trust and commitment. Loyalty based on simple repeated behavior is not very effective. Ethical Considerations Unwanted effects of biased managementSome researchers argue that even though loyalty is a very important issue, it is very difficult to impress the customer through these roundabout techniques the management needs to focus more on other basic issues like the precaution and the quality of service. All these schemes and offers can only assist the growth, they can never be the sole reason for the growth and a sensible manager should never depend upon any of these. Lacey and Sneath (2006) argue that customer loyalty programs are not always fair to all consumers.The argument is assisted by the fact that such loyalty schemes only focus on a certain class of customers and not all customers. This creates negative hype and ill feeling among. The firm spends all the resources on pleasing the existing customers whom they assume to be loyal where as the new customers who might prove to be loyal customers in the future are just left to themselves. If this methodology is practiced in the long run, the organization might stand to lose many customers, the organization was so very considered about pleasing the existing customers that they forgot that they even have to generate new customers.One of the basic principles of the company is remembering what it is that guests prefer when they are in your hotel, explained (Ritz Carlton) spokeswoman Vivian Deuschl. Such an fire can even be dreadful at times. It is argued that the same quality service should be given to all the customers. Never should the restaurant make the slue of pleasing one class of customers at the expense of others. Such a treatment might be very pleasing to the regular customer but even he will hesitate to recommend the restaurant to others because he knows that new customers are not treated well over there.Apart from all the above-mentioned ill effects, this practice is strongly condemned even on ethical grounds. The safest and the best alternative are to provide uniform treatment throughout to all the customers. This generates a positive attitude and helps a lot in business. There is no substitute to genuine hard work, determination and honest implementation of policies. As Jack Welch in his give-and-take Winning quotes sorry, there are no shortcuts. Hypothesis and Questions The prime objectivesRather than concentrating on these hypothetical concerns, the restaurant should be bothered more about improving service delivery, bakery products, and cooking. Lacey and Sneath further argue that customers who are not a part of such loyalty schemes are often discriminated against and this is very unpleasant for the customer as well as a loss in revenue for the management. Langenderfer & Cook (2004), Petty (2000) throw light on a very important aspect here. The customer databases are rich with information and are excellent resources and if by chance this data ends up in wrong hands, t can be very taxing for the customers.If such a thing happens, then it would be a clear exploitation of customer rights and a breach of moral and ethical values. The customer would then obviously hesitate to become a member of any such loyalty schemes in future. Wendlandt & Schrader (2007) come up with yet another intriguing question, they argue that all these schemes at times might even backfire and in fact cause more loss to the organization. As an able manager, the first that needs to be firm affixed in mind is that we as humans are more effected by emotional happenings than anything else.Once the person is emotionally troubled or if he even perceives that he is being manipulated, even the most loyal of the customers will give up. The customer might get frustrated by all these and begin to think that all these tricks only serve as gimmicks and in fact react exactly in a way opposite to what is expected of him. Smartly designed loyalty schemes however can actually quash reactance of this type. For example, a loyalty scheme that offers long-term financial rewards that have to be gathered over repeat visits will probably avoid reactance (Wendlandt & Schrader, 200 7).However, long-term loyalty schemes can also be less effective at retaining regular customers. Kirby (2007) has yet another way of seeing the same scenario, the argument here is that it is more beneficial to serve customers as people rather than targeting on their customer profiles. The argument here is that rather than treating loyalty as just another part of the charm game, the hotels should earn repeat business by offering excellent services based on remembered and recorded client preferences (Kirby, 2007).If hotels invest in bring in guest preferences and provide a superior service through the use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM), the customer will automatically be retained. Weinstein (2004) further argues that the ambience and the feel of the place are also very important. Always remember that the customer might forget what he came for, why he came, when he came etc but he is never going to forget how it felt to be there with you.In the book the Ice Cream Maker, a b ook on the concept of six sigma, the author argues that in a departmental store or a shopping mall, it takes an average of seven to eight seconds for the customer to pass by your restaurant, it is in this minute fragment of time that we have to impress the customer that our outlet is actually worth a visit. To make the customer feel something is an enormous challenge in its own right. Therefore, it is well worth going the extra mile to provide extra amenities to impress guests into salty in repeat business (Weinstein, 2004).Some of the 5 star chains in Dubai follow this strategy, hoping to get repeat business by pampering even walk-in customers. Research Questions To summarize we can say that all the literature on loyalty is divided into two categories both conflicting each other. The first category, is those who advocate the loyalty schemes to lock in customers and make sure that they patronize and prefer certain restaurants in place of the other. Some researchers even argue that such a type of management might even be unethical.The second category of advisors are those who emphasize on the importance of personalized service, remembering customer preferences, and offering amenities to keep customers coming back. They note that rather than discriminating customers, their stand is that hotels, restaurants and other businesses should keep service standards high across the board. As a manager we are faced with the question that when and to what extent which of these methodologies or logics are to implemented? What is to be given more importance and how are customers, both old and new to be dealt with? Should the approach to both these parties be same or different?What is it that needs to be done so that all the parties are intelligent and content? How are we going to satisfy the emotional requirements of our customers? Jang and Mattila (2005) throw light on yet another trend. Their basic argument is that the manager must learn to understand the customer needs a nd requirements and react accordingly, for example, if the customer is expecting monetary benefits, then he must simply be given so, instead if the hotel argues that the customer be given only the free spa session or a free buffet lunch against his will, then it is only obvious that none of the parties is happy.The customer is displeased because he is given something free of cost something he actually has no desire for. The hotel has used up its employees and other resources for the same purpose, which was not at all fruitful. Thus, such a decision has a negative impact on all parties. Jang and Matilla further note that at times immediate cash discounts are also not the solutions to the problem. Also, while customers may want immediate rewards, it usually suits managers to delay gratification in order to ensure repeat business.Also, there is less guilt associated with luxury rewards if theyve worked up to them over a period of time. It is also noted that there is a very strong poten tial for developing such programs in the hospitality industry. The transactions involved and the formalities taken up during the process of loyalty offers should be made very convenient and comfortable. The customers should not be penalized to show their loyalty cards every time the hotels should remember the customers and work towards serving them better.Data Management and Analysis and Budget considerations and timelines Statistics will provide all sorts of data from all sorts of places. This data might vary over decades of research or even more, the right management comes from the fact that the manager should be able to pick up the right data and study it accordingly, wrongly directed research or haywire policy implementation is sure to maculation doom for the company.Therefore, it is of profound importance that the right data be chosen from all perspectives, the implementation schemes should not be so costly that the management suffers because of these, after all management is all about producing the best possible results in the minimum possible expenditure. Also, the time limits should also be adhered to very strictly. What might be a huge success in summer might be a complete failure in winter. If the set goals are not achieved inwardly the given time limits, then the entire purpose of research is flawed. ConclusionThere is no dearth of literature as far as the loyalty issue is concerned. Managers realize very well that there is more to management than just analyzing theories, real problems need real and innovative approaches, and not everything can be solved from the books. Able managers know for a certainty that all what is in research papers is just conjectures and even if a particular scheme or technique worked very well in a particular hotel or restaurant, there is no guarantee that it will produce the same or standardised results elsewhere or even the same hotel the next year.Trends change, people change, their needs and expectations change, eve ry year researchers come up with new theories. The key to being a successful manager is to have the right instincts and realize where to draw the line. It might be noted that the manager should not go to extremes, as an example he might be so puffed up with confidence that he turns a deaf year to the researchers or for that matter is so engrossed in the research that he forgets that he has to deal with real life situations.Coming to the issue of hotel management and the hospitality industry, the first and the foremost thing that should be firmly affirmed in the mind is that unless and until the product and services are up to the mark and stand valid in front of the customers expectations, no amount of management hoopla can help the cause. The hotel management should be more concerned about the quality of service and other basic but very important factors. Only when these issues are properly and sensibly addressed to and resolved can the management think of anything else.The loyalty considerations are also to be dealt with great mete out and delicacy. It is but natural that the older customer will expect better services and the new customers would want their privileges to be on par with those of everyone else. This is where the elegance of the manager comes handy. The manager should be able to glide between such scenarios always keeping in mind the benefit of the employees and should also be successful enough to generate the maximum possible revenue.

Second Foundation 12. Lord

Of all the worlds of the extragalactic nebula, Kalgan undoubtedly had the most unique history. That of the planet Terminus, for instance, was that of an almost uninterrupted rise. That of Trantor, once jacket crown of the Galaxy, was that of an almost uninterrupted fall. tho Kalgan-Kalgan first gained fame as the pleasure world of the Galaxy two centuries forwards the birth of Hari Seldon. It was a pleasure world in the sense that it made an industry and an immensely lucrative one, at that out of amusement.And it was a stable industry. It was the most stable industry in the Galaxy. When all the Galaxy perished as a civilization, weeny by little, scarcely a feathers weight of catastrophe fell upon Kalgan. No matter how the economy and sociology of the neighboring sectors of the Galaxy changed, in that respect was always an elect and it is always the characteristic of an elite that it possesses leisure as the abundant reward of its elite-hood.Kalgan was at the service, there fore, successively and successfully of the effete and perfumed dandies of the empurpled Court with their sparkling and libidinous ladies of the rough and raucous war victors who ruled in iron the worlds they had gained in blood, with their unchecked and lascivious wenches of the plump and luxurious businessmen of the origin, with their lush and flagitious mistresses.It was quite undiscriminating, since they all had money. And since Kalgan serviced all and debar none since its commodity was in unfailing demand since it had the wisdom to interfere in no worlds politics, to get on no ones legitimacy, it prospered when nothing else did, and remained fat when all grew thin.That is, until the mule. Then, somehow, it fell, besides, originally a conqueror who was impervious to amusement, or to anything but conquest. To him all planets were alike, even Kalgan.So for a decade, Kalgan found itself in the strange role of astronomical metropolis mistress of the greatest Empire since th e end of the Galactic Empire itself.And then, with the death of the Mule, as explosive as the zoom, came the drop. The Foundation broke away. With it and after it, much of the rest of the Mules dominions. Fifty years later there was left only the bewildering memory of that short space of power, like an opium dream. Kalgan never quite recovered. It could never lead to the unconcerned pleasure world it had been, for the spell of power never quite releases its bold. It lived instead under a succession of men whom the Foundation called the sea captains of Kalgan, but who styled themselves first-class honours degree Citizen of the Galaxy, in imitation of the Mules only title, and who maintained the apologue that they were conquerors too.The current Lord of Kalgan had held that position for five months. He had gained it originally by virtue of his position at the head of the Kalganian navy, and through a lamentable lack of caution on the part of the previous lord. thus far no one on Kalgan was quite stupid enough to go into the question of legitimacy too long or too closely. These things happened, and are best accepted.Yet that sort of survival of the fittest in summing up to putting a premium on bloodiness and evil, occasionally allowed capability to come to the fore as well. Lord Stettin was competent enough and not unproblematic to manage.Not easy for his eminence, the original diplomatic minister, who, with alright impartiality, had served the last lord as well as the present and who would, if he lived long enough, serve the next as honestly.Nor easy for the Lady Callia, who was Stettins more than friend, yet less than wife.In Lord Stettins private apartments the three were alone that evening. The First Citizen, bulky and glistening in the admirals uniform that he affected, scowled from out the unupholstered chair in which he sit down as stiffly as the plastic of which it was composed. His First Minister Lev Meirus, faced him with a far-off unconce rn, his long, offensive fingers stroking absently and rhythmically the deep line that curved from hooked nose along cadaveric and sunken cheek to the point, nearly, of the gray-bearded chin. The Lady Callia disposed of herself gracefully on the deeply furred covering of a foamite couch, her full lips trembling a bit in an unheeded pout.Sir, said Meirus it was the only title adhering to a lord who was styled only First Citizen, you lack a certain view of the continuity of history. Your own life, with its amazing revolutions, leads you to think of the course of civilization as something equally amenable to sudden change. nevertheless it is not.The Mule showed otherwise. simply who can follow in his footsteps. He was more than man, remember. And be, too, was not entirely successful.Poochie, whimpered the Lady Callia, suddenly, and then shrank into herself at the furious gesture from the First Citizen.Lord Stettin said, harshly, Do not interrupt, Callia. Meirus, I am tired of inact ion. My forerunner spent his life polishing the navy into a finely- turn instrument that has not its equal in the Galaxy. And he died with the magnificent machine lying idle. Am I to continue that? I, an Admiral of the Navy?How long before the machine rusts? At present, it is a drain on the Treasury and bestow arounds nothing. Its officers long for dominion, its men for loot. All Kalgan desires the return of Empire and glory. Are you capable of understanding that?These are but words that you use, but I circumnavigate your meaning. Dominion, loot, glory pleasant when they are obtained, but the process of obtaining them is often risky and always unpleasant. The first fine flush may not last. And in all history, it has never been wise to attack the Foundation. Even the Mule would have been wiser to refrain-There were tears in the Lady Callias blue, empty eyes. Of late, Poochie scarcely saw her, and now, when he had promised the evening to her, this horrible, thin, gray man, who al ways looked through her rather than at her, had forced his way in. And Poochie let him. She dared not enounce anything was frightened even of the sob that forced its way out.But Stettin was speaking now in the join she hated, hard and Impatient. He was saying Youre a slave to the far past. The Foundation is greater in muckle and population, but they are loosely knit and entrust fall apart at a blow. What holds them in concert these days is merely inertia an inertia I am strong enough to smash. You are tranquilize by the old days when only the Foundation had atomic power. They were able to dodge the last punt blows of the dying Empire and then faced only the unbrained anarchy of the warlords who would counter the Foundations atomic vessels only with hulks and relics.But the Mule, my dear Meirus, has changed that. He spread the enjoyledge, that the Foundation had hoarded to itself, through half the Galaxy and the monopoly in science is deceased forever. We can match them.And the Second Foundation? questioned Meirus, coolly.And the Second Foundation? repeated Stettin as coolly. Do you know its intentions? It took ten years to stop the Mule, if, indeed, it was the factor, which some doubt. Are you unaware that a good many of the Foundations psychologists and sociologists are of the opinion that the Seldon Plan has been completely disrupted since the days of the Mule? If the Plan has gone, then a clean exists which I may fill as well as the next man.Our knowledge of these matters is not great enough to warrant the gamble. Our knowledge, perhaps, but we have a Foundation visitor on the planet. Did you know that? A Homir Munn who, I understand, has written articles on the Mule, and has expressed exactly that opinion, that the Seldon Plan no longer exists.The First Minister nodded, I have heard of him, or at least of his writings. What does he desire?He asks liberty to enter the Mules palace.Indeed? It would be wise to refuse. It is never advisable to dist urb the superstitions with which a planet is held.I will consider that and we will speak again.Meirus bowed himself out.Lady Callia said tearfully, Are you angry with me, Poochie?***Stettin turned on her savagely. Have I not told you before never to call me by that ridiculous bear on in the presence of others?You used to like it.Well, I dont any more, and it is not to happen again.He stared at her darkly. It was a mystery to him that he tolerated her these days. She was a soft, empty-headed thing, comfortable to the touch, with a pliable affection that was a convenient facet to a hard life. Yet, even that affection was becoming wearisome. She dreamed of marriage, of being First Lady.RidiculousShe was all really well when he had been an admiral only but now as First Citizen and future conqueror, he needed more. He needed heirs who could unite his future dominions, something the Mule had never had, which was why his Empire did not survive his strange nonhuman life. He, Stettin, ne eded someone of the great historic families of the Foundation with whom he could fuse dynasties.He wondered testily why he did not rid himself of Callia now. It would be no trouble. She would whine a bit- He dismissed the thought. She had her points, occasionally.Callia was cheering up now. The influence of Graybeard was gone and her Poochies granite face was softening now. She lifted herself in a single, fluid motion and melted toward him.Youre not tone ending to scold me, are you?No. He patted her absently. Now just sit quietly for a while, will you? I want to think.About the man from the Foundation?Yes.Poochie? This was a pause.What?Poochie, the man has a little miss with him, you said. Remember? Could I see her when she comes? I never-Now what do you think I want him to bring his brat with him for? Is my audience room to be a grammar school? Enough of your nonsense, Callia.But Ill take caution of her, Poochie. You wont even have to bother with her. Its just that I hardly ever see children, and you know how I love them.He looked at her sardonically. She never tired of this approach. She loved children i.e. his children i.e. his legitimate children i.e. marriage. He laughed.This particular little piece, he said, is a great girl of fourteen or fifteen. Shes probably as tall as you are.Callia looked crushed. Well, could I, anyway? She could tell me about the Foundation? Ive always wanted to go there, you know. My grandfather was a Foundation man. Wont you take me there, sometime, Poochie?Stettin smiled at the thought. Perhaps he would, as conqueror. The good nature that the thought supplied him with made itself mat in his words, I will, I will. And you can see the girl and talk Foundation to her all you want. But not near me, understand.I wont bother you, honestly. Ill have her in my own rooms. She was happy again. It was not very often these days that she was allowed to have her way. She put her arms about his neck and after the slightest hesitation, she felt its tendons release and the large head come softly down upon her shoulder.

Sop for Ms Finance

My interest in the domain of finance traces back to my childhood. As I was growing up, the Doi moi (Reformation) Era brought about more freedom and openness to the standing(prenominal) system in Vietnam. People could start to direct their own businesses and deal with foreign entrepreneurs. Naturally, I could, at the time, understand neither technical concepts, such as principal, interest and deposit, nor how a bank worked or tear downtide what it was however, in my nascent perceptions, I could discern the importance of fiscal institutions as keepers of peoples wealth, and even of their hopes for the futurity.Accordingly, I grew more and more determined to place my future in the field of finance. Throughout shopping mall and high tame, I dedicated most of my time to natural sciences, such as Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics. I could describe myself as an accurate and analytical-oriented person, for not only did I received rigorous training, besides I as well as enjoyed bei ng pertinent and precise. In 2005, I entered the Vietnam National University in Hanoi, majoring in Finance and Banking, but later transferred to world(prenominal) economics to enroll in an highly selective Honors Program.Before the time of the transferring decision, I hesitated for a brief period because I would have to postpone my pursuit of Finance. Nonetheless, I understood the importance of Economics and fully anticipated that an extensive experience of the field would eventually serve me well in a financial c atomic number 18er. My concentration during the program, conveniently, focused heavily on Stock Market, International Finance, Economics of Finance and Banking and International Payment.The insightful study on matters such as commercial banks functionalities, the central banks instrument and responsibilities, and the significance of the equaliser of trades and exchange rates, has enabled me to grasp the fundamental ideas of the field, as well as triggered my utmost cur iosity in fellow feeling thoroughly the financial side of Economics. In my third year, when I was studying Stock Market, I entered a research project with Dr.Ha Tran, who was a fellow at the University of XXX. We then worked together on the topic ongoing Situation in the Loan Market for Investment on Real Estate. Simultaneously, I was besides eager to engage in another group research on the petroleum market, which later won me the second prize for students research from the Faculty of International Economics. At the end of this school year, I intend to write my graduation thesis in the field of International Finance, particularlyAdditionally, I experience first-hand experiences on the financial market as I started making a small investment in the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange during my third year. At the beginning, I consulted my teachers and my parents friends, who are experienced businessmen, to counterbalance a profiting portfolio, which, in turn, required me to watch for enter prises data meticulously their ROEs, P/Es, net profit and genuine news of their operations. My stocks paid off wonderfully for a short period, as the total value of my portfolio change magnitude by 30% during the first few months.Like most dabbling investors, I was under the illusion that making hood was not a difficult task. Unfortunately, the stock crash happening at the end of 2009 brought me back to the ground. The VN Index, the important indicator of the market, fell from 1200 to 400 in less than six months, reducing my fortune by one-third. However, period most other previously ardent investors withdrew from the market as quickly as they entered, I proposed a new strategy that kept me in the market for long-term investment.In the near future, I believe I will be able to balance my financial activities once again. In 2010 , I had a jeopardize to go to Thailand on a trip to Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. It was my first long trip to a capital city of the neighboring country, which impressed me a lot with their metropolitan infrastructure and dynamic business environment. I was convinced that Vietnam needed decades to reach the current development level of Thailand.Back home, when I was reading The Lexus and the Olive manoeuvre by Thomas Friedmann, the opening pages struck me with minute details of the Asian Crisis in1997, which ignited in Thailand. In merely few weeks, fifty six of fifty eight banks in Bangkok went bankrupt. Accordingly, I have realized that the nascent financial market of Vietnam still has a long way to go, and I myself also have much more to learn. My nation needs a lot more experts in the field to help regulate the emerging market and support people in making ise investments, so that their assets are kept in a safe place and growing. In conclusion, I want to restate my lust for a study in finance in University of XYZ. I firmly believe in my capability in the field due to my long-term commitment and determination. My stud y would help me best in my future career as a financial expert which I have always dedicated myself to. The knowledge which I shall obtain is also what I aim to bring back to my country, contributing to the development of an advanced, well-structured financial market of Vietnam.

How Do People and Themes, Change Throughout the Course of the Story

The Darkness show up There by genus Penelope alive Jordan Roberts How do people and themes, change through break through the course of the twaddle? The Darkness Out There combines the authors narration with the thoughts and feelings of Sandra, a girl belonging to the Good Neighbours Club. She goes to serve come to the fore an elderly lady, Mrs. Rutter, with the help of a son called Kerry. Mrs. Rutter lives in the countryside next to a wood called Packers End, fe ared by Sandra because of its supposed supernatural qualities. Mrs. Rutter has a secret, that when t sometime(a), horrifies the children.This sub narrative is of the Ger objet dart she found and left to die pole when she was a girl in the war. Penelope Lively develops Mrs. Rutters character in musical compositiony ways, with clues early on to her true self. Sandras views on the characters change by the terminus, as well as her whole come to the fore look of life as a result. There are several themes within this sh ort story this paragraph, deals firstly with the theme of vestige, and leisurely it covers the darkness around us In Packers End It was a regulate place, all whippy saplings and brambles and a gully with a dumped mattress and a bedstead and an old fridge.And, someplace, presumably, the crumbling rusty scraps of coat and cloth and . bones? This evokes a sense of desolation a hostile haunted kind of place, somewhere you dont really want to be, nasty things could happen, this sets the mood of the woods also this was set in the past and the present, at one point the w servicer graphically describes the trees when the German planing machine went down, The branch shapes to look like faces and claw hands and You couldnt quite see into, the clotted shifting depths of the place. This makes you kind of hold your breath in anticipation wondering what will happen there, you live on it is horrible from the descriptive words used. It also tells you of the girl that was by chance sexual ly assaulted by a knife wielding men so you know now it is definitely are not the place for a young girl to be. The other aspect of Darkness covered in this story is the darkness of badness, evil, human wickedness, vengeance which is never a bonny thing.The dark blot on Mrs Rutters soul for leaving that poor man to die, obviously drawn out over several age so no doubt a painful, lonely death and he was a mere boy really barely reaching manhood about 20 yrs. old, still she saw it as ok, she drub her lips she enjoyed the redemption as she signified these injured German pilots as those who in feature killed her own husband.Another underlying theme is the supernatural, and the mysterious Packers End which is often conveyed as the so called Darkness out there as her fears change throughout the story. She fears German Ghosts who are said to in fact haunt Packers End. more thanover terrific changes Sandras fears to the highest degree in correlation as We, the reader see her grow up. As the story starts she fears German Ghosts precisely as the story develops she then fears a knife wielding rapist and this shows the fears of a girl and the fears of then the fears of a woman.Furthermore, a key theme throughout the story is growing up as we see Sandra and Kerry realising the changes there body is going through as Sandra her breast popping out her shirt shows the stages of puberty her body is going through as her character becomes more developed mentally so does she physically as she begins to notice the changes happening with her body. Kerry is the same describing his chin covered in acne Her survey of Kerry changes as lively further develops his character as Sandra does not really know Kerry, but she shares her friends tactual sensation of him, Kerry Stevens that none of her lot reckoned much on.But at the end of the story she changes her mind. Kerry seems a procedure of a stereotype because he works part-time in a garage, and will have a full-time job the re when he leaves school. He identifies Sandras dad by the make and colour of his cable car. But provided lively suggests clues that suggest Kerry is not as Sandra sees him, for example, he is ready to spend his free time share old people, and he asks Mrs. Rutter what she wants them to do, then gets on with it steadily. At the end of the story however it is Kerry who takes the initiative, and passes judgement on Mrs. Rutter. In Sandras eyes he had grown he had got older and larger Which furthers the point that Sandra had in fact misjudged, Kerry but this furthermore foreshadows him growing up through the course of the story. Another key point of the story is when he offers her a piece of the Aero bar before he has some himself a subtle message, of which foreshadows the end of the story showing his unselfish nature. adept of the ways Mrs. Rutters character is portrayed by Penelope Lively is through her environment, both historically and geographically. The house is introduced se nding out two different messages. One is that of a quaint homely place.This can be recognized through the descriptions of the china ornaments, big-eyed flop-eared rabbits and beribboned kittens and flowery milkmaids and a pair of naked chubby children wearing daisy chains. Firstly, this gives the impression of a cuddly grandmother figure, but then the picture is broken with the mention of the smell of cabbage. This chin-wagging conflicts with the otherwise friendly chance to suggest something is not rite. The house reflects Mrs. Rutters character. An example of this is her eyes investigated quick as mice. Later, the house mirrors this comment by the author describing that it smelt of damp and mouse.Animals and flowers are frequently mentioned in the description of the ornaments and her sack out of plants, You should see the wood in spring, with all the bluebells. This constant reference to nature implies there is a standoff with Mrs. Rutter, for nature is changeable and not alwa ys as it seems. There is also evidence to suggest she is an old lady whose mind is still stuck in the past, such as her collection of old calendars and pictures torn from magazines. This could by and by explain why her memory of the German plane and dying soldier is still vivid as ever. The effect of what Mrs.Rutter says and does also reveals sides of her character. She welcomes Kerry and Sandra into her house. But rite at the root there is a contrast in description, a creamy smiling pool of a face in which her eyes snapped and darted sounds friendly and console but subliminally uneasy and then later sinister as her character becomes more developed. Shes a very judgmental woman. She sends the boy straight away outside to do the manual work and leaves Sandra the light chores indoors. She makes conversation with the girl, but not with Kerry, supposeing hell have nothing interesting to say.This is because she doesnt think much of his ambitions, smiling erroneously while he tells h er that he wants to work as a car mechanic. She insults him, well, I expect thats good steady money if youd nothing special in mind. Sugar? then moves on quickly to a gesture of hospitality, trying to conceal the jibe aimed at Kerry. This is also a key theme throughout the story the ideal of certain roles and pre-conceived stereotypes of what a man or woman should be, Mrs. Rutter upholds very traditional stereotypes. Shes patronizing too, with comments like Youre a dwarfish dress maker, too, and Chocky? She asks Sandra to offer Kerry a chocolate too, but has already forgotten his name Take them out and see if whats-s-name would like one? showing his insignificance in her mind. One reason why she does this may be because she has no children of her own, so she goes on stereotypical ideas. She also makes the reader feel uneasy, Mind your pretty skirt, invest it up a bit, theres only me to see if youre showing a bit of bum. This provokes the thought that she has a slightly warped m ind. She starts to tell Sandra about her husband who was killed in the war. He died rite at the beginning, and she hasnt formed any relationships since.This can make the reader feel a lowly bit sympathetic towards her. Penelope Lively lets us know what others think of Mrs. Rutter as Kerry builds a visibility on her character when he talks with Sandra. He shows his dislike of the woman, I dont go much on her and I dunno. The way she talks and that. Sandra encourages him to feel sorry for her by telling him of her tragedy, but he explains that Theres lots of people done that dismissing the excuse for her peculiar and disturbing bearing by implying that she wasnt the only one to loose somebody in the war.The way Mrs. Rutter always watches Sandra and glisten from the cushions gives an uneasy feel towards her. When Kerry returns inside Mrs. Rutter begins her anecdote. He asks if she saw the plane come down and she chuckles, seeming to channel in the idea. She explains how her and he r sister went to investigate the scene and was only going to get help if it was an allied plane. This alarms Kerry. Her squirm side becomes more apparent when she says We cheered, I can tell you as they light upd it was German. Sandra is alarmed and quips how indefinable it was, but Mrs.Rutter, who disregards her discomfort, abruptly interrupts her she is so involved in telling the story. She tries to soften what she is saying by sugaring the pill, for example friendly additives such as my duck to unsettling sentences. She refers to the injured man in the broken plane as that site. She mentions nothing about the man himself but just remarks how it wasnt a pretty site. She is unmoved when the German was crying mutter, mutter. This shows she is a cold, heartless woman. She recollects easily how she left the man in pain because it was raining.This shows she has no feeling of mutual human kindness and doesnt feel stimulate to help. Again, she is not bothered with the fact he is in his late teens. Which shows her becoming more and more long-distance from her grandmother stereotype, showing how lively makes the reader question the fact that not all as it in fact seems. Mrs. Rutter is bitter and resentful because of the death of her husband. She delights in the Germans death, I thought, oh no, you had this coming to you, mate, theres a war on. She seems surprised when Kerry and Sandra suddenly get up to leave, disgusted with her tale.She has no remorse and doesnt realize there was anything wrong with what she did, her conscience still not activated all these years later. Rite from the beginning there had been implicit clues to her nasty inner character, not just from the story she told which revealed it explicitly towards the end. Penelope Lively through other means, like metaphors, reveals the character. Like her body, her personality is not clear-cut. The author suggests this when she explains she seemed composed of circles. Introduced as a cottage loaf of a woman, gives the misleading impression of a warm, traditional, safe, chunky, old woman.But following this is in fact another metaphor, with a face below which chins collapsed one into another, implicitly meaning she had different guises, was false and two- faced. Someone not to be trusted. On balance, it seems that Mrs. Rutter was a twisted old lady, unable to let go of the bitterness she acquired from her husbands killing and sick because of the fact she relished in the idea of the young German soldier left to die. Her historical background, the fact she lived through the horrors of war is no excuse.She believes herself to be an innocent old lady blind to her own faults and separated from the outside world. Penelope Lively used various movie techniques to skilfully convey the character of Mrs. Rutter well. Also by the end of the novel, Mrs. Rutters character development changes almost full circle as she is converted from an old popper to what Kerry calls her a bitch. This is used by lively to convey the ideal that not all things are as they seem. And it is not in fact the darkness out there but in fact the darkness within people, and as we reveal more and more of Mrs.Rutters character we can clearly see a warped women, who left soul to die, with no element of remorse what so ever. In conclusion, a reason why the original thoughts of Mrs. Rutter were so misleading was because Sandra didnt realize her disguise. The Darkness Out There was a collaboration of 1st and third person text. Unless the audience was very analytical and close readers, they would generally go along with what Sandra was thinking, they wouldnt know any better. When Mrs. Rutter is exposed by her evil characteristics the audience learns and was guilty with Sandra.They make the same mistakes of stereotyping as her. As a result, they are more emotionally involved and affected by the moral ending message. The themes and people almost change completely as the fears of Sandra develop from ghosts to in fact the darkest part of peoples souls. Sandra becomes forced to question everything she believes in like Kerry a pre-conceived nobody in her eyes but is in fact a good person who offers her chocolate before in fact himself showing an unselfish nature. The title is of course used to question are innermost fears the darkness is in fact at hand(predicate) than it may seem.